Is it true that all tequila is mezcal? This question has intrigued spirits enthusiasts and casual drinkers alike, sparking lively discussions at bars and tastings around the world. The relationship between tequila and mezcal is as complex as the flavors they boast, steeped in rich history and tradition. Understanding this connection not only enhances our appreciation of these iconic Mexican spirits but also clears up common misconceptions. Join us as we unravel the intricate tapestry of tequila and mezcal, exploring their origins, production processes, and the unique qualities that set them apart.
The allure of tequila and mezcal lies not only in their distinctive tastes but also in the cultural heritage they represent. These spirits tell stories of ancient traditions and modern innovations, of skilled artisans and passionate producers dedicated to preserving their craft. By delving into the world of tequila and mezcal, we gain insight into the vibrant cultures of Mexico, where these spirits have been enjoyed for generations. We invite you on a journey to discover the nuances and subtleties that make tequila and mezcal truly exceptional.
As we embark on this exploration, it's important to approach the subject with an open mind and a willingness to learn. While the assertion that "all tequila is mezcal" may seem straightforward, the reality is far more nuanced. Through this article, we'll provide a comprehensive overview of the history, production methods, and flavor profiles of both tequila and mezcal, equipping you with the knowledge to make informed choices and appreciate these spirits on a deeper level. So, pour yourself a glass, sit back, and let's dive into the captivating world of tequila and mezcal.
Table of Contents
- History and Origins of Tequila and Mezcal
- Production Methods: From Agave to Spirit
- Agave Varieties and Their Impact on Flavor
- Geographical Indications: Tequila vs. Mezcal
- Cultural Significance and Traditions
- Tasting Profiles: Unique Characteristics
- Pairing and Cocktails: Enhancing the Experience
- Health Benefits and Misconceptions
- Environmental Impact of Agave Spirit Production
- Economic Importance to Mexican Communities
- Regulations and Standards in Production
- Modern Trends and Innovations
- How to Choose Between Tequila and Mezcal
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion: Celebrating the Spirit of Mexico
History and Origins of Tequila and Mezcal
The history of tequila and mezcal is deeply intertwined with the cultural and agricultural evolution of Mexico. Both spirits trace their roots back to the indigenous peoples of pre-Hispanic Mexico, who were the first to ferment the sap of the agave plant into a rudimentary alcoholic beverage known as "pulque." This milky, slightly viscous drink was consumed for centuries before the arrival of European settlers.
With the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the distillation techniques brought over from Europe were applied to agave, giving birth to what we now know as mezcal. Mezcal production began in earnest in the Oaxaca region, where local populations refined the distillation process, using traditional clay ovens and copper stills. Over time, mezcal became a staple of Mexican culture, celebrated in festivals and ceremonies across the country.
Tequila, on the other hand, emerged as a distinct spirit in the early 1600s, with production centered around the town of Tequila in the state of Jalisco. It gained prominence thanks to its unique production process and the specific agave variety used, the Blue Weber Agave. While tequila was initially considered a low-status spirit, it rose in popularity, particularly during the Mexican Revolution, when it became a symbol of national pride and resistance.
Today, both tequila and mezcal enjoy global recognition, celebrated for their complex flavors and cultural significance. While the assertion that "all tequila is mezcal" is technically correct—since tequila is a type of mezcal—the two have evolved into distinct categories, each with unique characteristics and production methods that we'll explore further.
Production Methods: From Agave to Spirit
The production of tequila and mezcal begins with the cultivation and harvesting of agave plants, which are native to Mexico. Agave is a succulent plant with long, spiky leaves and a core known as the "piña," which resembles a pineapple. The piña is the heart of the plant and is crucial in the production of both spirits.
For tequila, only the Blue Weber Agave is used. It takes about 7 to 10 years for the plant to mature before it is harvested by skilled workers known as "jimadores." These experts use a tool called a "coa" to cut away the leaves and extract the piña, which is then cooked in large ovens to convert the plant's starches into fermentable sugars.
Once cooked, the piñas are crushed to extract the agave juice, which is then fermented in wooden or stainless-steel vats. The fermentation process can last several days, during which natural or added yeasts convert the sugars into alcohol. The resulting liquid, known as "mosto," is then distilled twice to achieve the desired alcohol content and purity. The distilled spirit can be bottled immediately or aged in oak barrels to develop more complex flavors.
Mezcal production, while similar in some respects, often involves more traditional and artisanal methods. A wider variety of agave species can be used, including Espadin, Tobala, and Tepeztate, each contributing unique characteristics to the final product. After harvesting, the piñas are typically roasted in underground pits lined with volcanic rock, imparting the signature smoky flavor that mezcal is known for.
Following the roasting process, the piñas are crushed, either by hand or using a traditional stone wheel known as a "tahona," to extract the juice. Fermentation takes place in wooden vats or clay pots, and the liquid is then distilled, usually in small copper or clay stills. The artisanal nature of mezcal production allows for a wide variety of flavors and styles, reflecting the diverse regions and traditions of Mexico.
Agave Varieties and Their Impact on Flavor
The diversity of agave species used in the production of tequila and mezcal plays a significant role in the flavor profiles of these spirits. While tequila is limited to the Blue Weber Agave, mezcal can be made from over 30 different species, each contributing distinct characteristics to the final product.
Blue Weber Agave, the sole species used in tequila production, is known for its high sugar content and subtle, sweet flavor profile. This agave variety imparts a smooth, clean taste to tequila, with notes of citrus, pepper, and herbal undertones. The aging process can further enhance these flavors, adding layers of complexity and depth.
In contrast, mezcal is celebrated for its rich diversity, with each agave species offering unique flavors and aromas. Espadin, the most commonly used agave in mezcal production, is versatile and adaptable, producing a balanced, earthy spirit with hints of smoke and fruit. Other agave varieties, such as Tobala and Tepeztate, are rarer and more challenging to cultivate, resulting in complex, nuanced spirits with distinct regional characteristics.
The choice of agave species, combined with traditional production methods, allows mezcal producers to create a wide array of flavors, ranging from bold and smoky to light and floral. This diversity is a testament to the artisanal nature of mezcal production and the dedication of producers to preserving the unique qualities of their local agave varieties.
Geographical Indications: Tequila vs. Mezcal
Geographical indications play a crucial role in distinguishing tequila and mezcal, as they define the regions where each spirit can be legally produced. These designations ensure that the spirits maintain their authenticity and quality, while also protecting the cultural heritage of their respective regions.
Tequila can only be produced in specific areas of Mexico, primarily in the state of Jalisco and a few designated regions in the states of Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas. The Denomination of Origin for Tequila was established in 1974, ensuring that only spirits produced in these regions and made from Blue Weber Agave can be labeled as tequila. This designation helps preserve the unique characteristics and traditions of tequila production, while also promoting the region's agave industry.
Mezcal, on the other hand, has a broader geographical indication, encompassing several states in Mexico, including Oaxaca, Guerrero, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Puebla, and Zacatecas. The Denomination of Origin for Mezcal was established in 1994, recognizing the diverse regions and agave species that contribute to mezcal's distinct flavors and styles. This designation allows mezcal producers to showcase the unique characteristics of their local agave varieties and production methods, highlighting the rich cultural heritage of their regions.
The geographical indications for tequila and mezcal not only protect the integrity of these spirits but also promote sustainable practices and support the local communities that rely on agave production for their livelihoods. By understanding the importance of these designations, consumers can make informed choices and appreciate the rich history and traditions behind their favorite spirits.
Cultural Significance and Traditions
The cultural significance of tequila and mezcal is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of Mexico. These spirits have been an integral part of Mexican culture for centuries, celebrated in festivals, rituals, and social gatherings. They serve as symbols of national identity and pride, reflecting the rich heritage and diverse traditions of the Mexican people.
In pre-Hispanic times, agave was considered a sacred plant, and its fermented sap, pulque, was used in religious ceremonies and as an offering to the gods. With the introduction of distillation techniques by the Spanish, tequila and mezcal emerged as new expressions of this ancient tradition, incorporating both indigenous and European influences.
Tequila, in particular, has become a symbol of Mexican identity and pride, celebrated in music, literature, and film. Its association with the Mexican Revolution and the charro culture has cemented its place as a national icon, representing the resilience and spirit of the Mexican people. Tequila is often enjoyed during celebrations and gatherings, where it serves as a toast to friendship and unity.
Mezcal, on the other hand, is deeply connected to the traditions and customs of the regions where it is produced. In Oaxaca, mezcal is an essential part of life, used in rituals and ceremonies to honor ancestors and celebrate important milestones. The artisanal nature of mezcal production reflects the dedication and craftsmanship of the producers, who pass down their knowledge and techniques through generations. Mezcal is often enjoyed with friends and family, accompanied by traditional foods and music, creating a sense of community and connection.
The cultural significance of tequila and mezcal extends beyond Mexico, as these spirits have gained international recognition and appreciation. They serve as ambassadors of Mexican culture, introducing people around the world to the rich traditions and flavors of Mexico. By understanding the cultural importance of tequila and mezcal, we can appreciate these spirits not only for their taste but also for the stories and heritage they represent.
Tasting Profiles: Unique Characteristics
The tasting profiles of tequila and mezcal are as diverse and complex as the cultures from which they originate. Each spirit offers a unique sensory experience, characterized by distinct flavors, aromas, and textures that reflect their production methods and the agave varieties used.
Tequila is known for its smooth, clean taste, with a flavor profile that varies depending on the age and style of the spirit. Blanco or silver tequila is unaged, offering a fresh, vibrant flavor with notes of citrus, pepper, and herbal undertones. Reposado tequila is aged for a minimum of two months in oak barrels, which imparts a mellow, rounded flavor with hints of vanilla, caramel, and spice. Añejo and extra añejo tequilas are aged for longer periods, resulting in rich, complex flavors with layers of oak, chocolate, and dried fruit.
Mezcal, on the other hand, is celebrated for its bold, smoky flavor, which is a result of the traditional roasting process used in its production. The flavor profile of mezcal is influenced by the agave variety, region, and production methods, resulting in a wide range of styles and flavors. Common tasting notes in mezcal include earthy, vegetal, and floral characteristics, with hints of fruit, spice, and smoke. The artisanal nature of mezcal production allows for a diverse array of flavors, reflecting the unique terroir and traditions of each region.
Tasting tequila and mezcal is a sensory journey, offering a glimpse into the rich heritage and craftsmanship of Mexican spirits. By understanding the unique characteristics and flavor profiles of these spirits, we can appreciate the artistry and dedication that goes into their production. Whether enjoyed neat, in a cocktail, or paired with food, tequila and mezcal offer a truly memorable tasting experience.
Pairing and Cocktails: Enhancing the Experience
The versatility of tequila and mezcal makes them ideal for pairing with a wide range of foods and creating innovative cocktails. Their distinct flavors and aromas complement various ingredients, enhancing the overall dining and drinking experience.
When it comes to food pairing, both tequila and mezcal excel at complementing traditional Mexican dishes. Tequila's bright, clean flavors pair well with citrusy and spicy dishes, such as ceviche, tacos al pastor, or guacamole. The aged varieties of tequila, with their rich, complex flavors, are perfect for pairing with heartier dishes like grilled meats, mole, or chocolate-based desserts.
Mezcal's smoky, earthy flavors make it an excellent match for grilled and roasted dishes, such as barbacoa, roasted vegetables, or smoked fish. The diverse range of mezcal styles allows for creative pairings with a variety of cuisines, from spicy Asian dishes to rich, savory Mediterranean fare. Mezcal's bold flavors also make it a great companion for strong cheeses and dark chocolate.
In the world of cocktails, tequila and mezcal offer endless possibilities for creativity and innovation. Tequila is a staple in classic cocktails like the Margarita, Paloma, and Tequila Sunrise, where its bright, refreshing flavors shine. Mezcal, with its distinctive smokiness, adds depth and complexity to cocktails like the Mezcal Negroni, Oaxacan Old Fashioned, or the Smoky Margarita.
When crafting cocktails, it's essential to consider the balance of flavors and the unique characteristics of the spirit. Experimenting with different ingredients, such as fresh fruits, herbs, and spices, can enhance the natural flavors of tequila and mezcal, creating a harmonious and memorable drinking experience.
Whether enjoyed neat, paired with food, or in a creative cocktail, tequila and mezcal offer a world of possibilities for exploration and enjoyment. By understanding their unique flavors and characteristics, we can elevate our appreciation of these iconic Mexican spirits and discover new ways to enjoy them.
Health Benefits and Misconceptions
While tequila and mezcal are primarily enjoyed for their flavors and cultural significance, there are some potential health benefits associated with moderate consumption of these spirits. However, it's essential to approach these benefits with caution and avoid falling for common misconceptions.
One potential benefit of tequila and mezcal is their lower calorie content compared to other alcoholic beverages. Both spirits are distilled from agave, which contains natural sugars that are converted into alcohol during fermentation. As a result, tequila and mezcal have fewer carbohydrates and sugars than many other spirits, making them a lower-calorie option for those watching their intake.
Tequila, in particular, has been associated with potential digestive benefits. Some studies suggest that the compounds found in agave, such as inulin and fructans, may promote healthy digestion and support gut health. However, it's important to note that these benefits are primarily associated with the agave plant itself, and the distillation process may reduce or eliminate these compounds in the final spirit.
Another potential benefit of tequila and mezcal is their antioxidant content. The agave plant contains antioxidants known as polyphenols, which may help protect cells from damage and reduce inflammation. Again, the distillation process may affect the levels of these compounds in the final product, so it's essential to consume these spirits in moderation.
Despite these potential benefits, it's crucial to be aware of common misconceptions about tequila and mezcal. One such misconception is that these spirits are "healthier" than other alcoholic beverages. While moderate consumption may have some benefits, excessive drinking can lead to negative health effects, including liver damage, addiction, and increased risk of chronic diseases.
Ultimately, the key to enjoying tequila and mezcal responsibly is moderation. By savoring these spirits in moderation and appreciating their rich flavors and cultural significance, we can enjoy the potential benefits without compromising our health.
Environmental Impact of Agave Spirit Production
The production of tequila and mezcal has a significant impact on the environment, particularly in terms of agave cultivation and resource consumption. As demand for these spirits continues to grow, it's essential to consider the environmental implications and explore sustainable practices that can help mitigate their impact.
Agave cultivation is a labor-intensive process that requires significant land and water resources. The Blue Weber Agave used in tequila production takes several years to mature, while some mezcal agave varieties can take even longer. This extended growth period can strain local ecosystems and lead to deforestation if not managed sustainably.
In addition to land use, agave cultivation also requires significant water resources. The agave plant is drought-resistant, but large-scale production can still place pressure on local water supplies, particularly in regions with limited resources. Sustainable water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems, can help reduce the environmental impact of agave cultivation.
The production process for tequila and mezcal also generates waste, including agave remnants and wastewater. Proper waste management and recycling practices can help minimize the environmental impact of production. Some producers are exploring innovative ways to repurpose agave waste, such as using it as a biofuel or composting it for agricultural use.
To address these environmental challenges, many tequila and mezcal producers are adopting sustainable practices and certifications, such as organic farming and fair trade. By supporting producers who prioritize sustainability, consumers can help promote environmentally responsible practices and contribute to the preservation of agave ecosystems.
As consumers, we have the power to make informed choices that support sustainable production and protect the environment. By understanding the environmental impact of tequila and mezcal, we can enjoy these spirits responsibly and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Economic Importance to Mexican Communities
The production of tequila and mezcal plays a vital role in the economies of Mexican communities, providing employment opportunities and supporting local industries. As demand for these spirits continues to grow globally, their economic significance extends beyond Mexico's borders, contributing to the country's economic development and cultural heritage.
Tequila and mezcal production create jobs in various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Agave cultivation provides livelihoods for farmers and laborers in rural areas, while distilleries and production facilities offer employment opportunities in processing, packaging, and distribution. The growth of the tequila and mezcal industry has also spurred the development of related sectors, such as glass manufacturing for bottles and packaging materials.
Tourism is another significant contributor to the economic impact of tequila and mezcal. Visitors from around the world flock to Mexico to explore the regions where these spirits are produced, participating in tours, tastings, and cultural experiences. This influx of tourists provides a boost to local economies, supporting hotels, restaurants, and other businesses that cater to visitors.
The global popularity of tequila and mezcal has also led to increased exports, contributing to Mexico's trade balance and economic growth. These spirits are now enjoyed in countries across the globe, showcasing Mexico's rich cultural heritage and craftsmanship.
Despite their economic importance, it's essential to ensure that the growth of the tequila and mezcal industry is sustainable and benefits local communities. Supporting fair trade practices, responsible production methods, and community development initiatives can help ensure that the economic benefits of tequila and mezcal production are shared equitably and contribute to the long-term well-being of Mexican communities.
Regulations and Standards in Production
The production of tequila and mezcal is governed by strict regulations and standards that ensure the quality and authenticity of these spirits. These regulations protect the integrity of the spirits and preserve the cultural heritage and traditions associated with their production.
Tequila production is regulated by the Mexican government through the Consejo Regulador del Tequila (CRT), which establishes guidelines for the cultivation, production, and labeling of tequila. These regulations specify the regions where tequila can be produced, the agave variety used, and the production methods employed. The CRT also oversees certification and quality control, ensuring that tequila meets the required standards for authenticity and quality.
Similarly, mezcal production is regulated by the Consejo Regulador del Mezcal (CRM), which establishes guidelines for the production and labeling of mezcal. These regulations encompass the geographical indications, agave varieties, and production methods that define mezcal. The CRM also oversees certification and quality control, ensuring that mezcal meets the required standards for authenticity and quality.
Both tequila and mezcal producers must adhere to these regulations to receive certification and the right to use the respective denominations of origin. This certification ensures that consumers receive a genuine product that adheres to the traditional methods and standards that define tequila and mezcal.
In addition to national regulations, many tequila and mezcal producers are adopting international certifications, such as organic and fair trade, to meet the growing demand for sustainable and ethically produced spirits. These certifications provide additional assurances to consumers and promote responsible production practices within the industry.
By understanding the regulations and standards that govern tequila and mezcal production, consumers can make informed choices and appreciate the quality and authenticity of these spirits. These standards not only protect the integrity of tequila and mezcal but also preserve the rich cultural heritage and traditions that define these iconic Mexican spirits.
Modern Trends and Innovations
The world of tequila and mezcal is constantly evolving, with modern trends and innovations shaping the future of these spirits. As consumer preferences and market dynamics change, producers are adapting and experimenting with new techniques and flavors to meet the demands of a global audience.
One notable trend in the tequila and mezcal industry is the growing interest in artisanal and craft production. Consumers are increasingly seeking out small-batch, handcrafted spirits that showcase the unique characteristics of local agave varieties and traditional production methods. This trend has led to a resurgence of interest in mezcal, with producers highlighting the diverse flavors and regional styles that define this spirit.
Innovation in production techniques is also driving the evolution of tequila and mezcal. Producers are experimenting with new aging methods, barrel types, and fermentation processes to create unique and complex flavor profiles. The use of alternative aging vessels, such as wine or whiskey barrels, is becoming more common, adding new dimensions to the taste and aroma of these spirits.
Another significant trend is the growing focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility within the tequila and mezcal industry. Producers are adopting sustainable farming practices, such as organic cultivation and water conservation, to reduce their environmental impact. Additionally, many distilleries are implementing waste management and recycling initiatives to minimize waste and promote a circular economy.
The cocktail culture surrounding tequila and mezcal is also experiencing a renaissance, with mixologists and bartenders creating innovative and exciting drinks that showcase the unique flavors of these spirits. Creative cocktails that incorporate fresh ingredients, bold flavors, and unique presentation techniques are captivating consumers and elevating the perception of tequila and mezcal as premium spirits.
As tequila and mezcal continue to gain popularity worldwide, these modern trends and innovations are shaping the future of the industry. By embracing creativity, sustainability, and craftsmanship, producers are ensuring that tequila and mezcal remain relevant and celebrated for generations to come.
How to Choose Between Tequila and Mezcal
Choosing between tequila and mezcal can be a delightful yet challenging decision, given the rich diversity and unique characteristics of each spirit. Understanding the key differences and factors to consider can help you make an informed choice that aligns with your preferences and occasion.
The first factor to consider is flavor preference. Tequila is known for its smooth, clean taste with notes of citrus, pepper, and herbal undertones. If you prefer a lighter, more approachable spirit, tequila may be the right choice for you. On the other hand, if you enjoy bold, smoky flavors with earthy, vegetal, and floral notes, mezcal may be more to your liking.
Another factor to consider is the occasion and how you plan to enjoy the spirit. Tequila is a versatile choice that pairs well with a wide range of foods and cocktails. It is a popular choice for casual gatherings and celebrations, where its bright, refreshing flavors can be enjoyed neat or in classic cocktails like the Margarita or Paloma. Mezcal, with its distinctive smokiness, is an excellent choice for sipping neat or in sophisticated cocktails that highlight its unique characteristics.
The production methods and agave varieties used in tequila and mezcal also play a role in the decision-making process. Tequila is made exclusively from Blue Weber Agave, while mezcal can be produced from a variety of agave species, each contributing distinct flavors and aromas. If you're interested in exploring the diverse flavors and regional styles of agave spirits, mezcal offers a wide array of options to discover.
Finally, it's essential to consider the quality and authenticity of the spirit. Look for reputable producers who adhere to the regulations and standards for tequila and mezcal production, ensuring that you receive a genuine product that reflects the rich heritage and craftsmanship of Mexican spirits.
By considering these factors, you can choose between tequila and mezcal with confidence, knowing that each spirit offers a unique and memorable experience. Whether you prefer the smooth, clean taste of tequila or the bold, smoky flavors of mezcal, both spirits provide an opportunity to explore the rich cultural heritage and craftsmanship of Mexico.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is all tequila mezcal?
Yes, technically all tequila is a type of mezcal. Mezcal is a broad category that encompasses any spirit made from the agave plant, and tequila is a specific type of mezcal made exclusively from Blue Weber Agave in designated regions of Mexico.
2. What is the main difference between tequila and mezcal?
The main difference between tequila and mezcal lies in the agave species used and the production methods. Tequila is made exclusively from Blue Weber Agave and is typically produced using more modern techniques, while mezcal can be made from over 30 different agave species and often involves traditional, artisanal methods.
3. Why does mezcal have a smoky flavor?
Mezcal has a smoky flavor due to the traditional roasting process used in its production. The agave piñas are roasted in underground pits lined with volcanic rock, which imparts the signature smoky flavor to the final spirit.
4. Can tequila and mezcal be aged?
Yes, both tequila and mezcal can be aged in oak barrels to develop more complex flavors. Tequila is classified into different categories based on the aging process, including blanco (unaged), reposado (aged for 2-12 months), and añejo (aged for 1-3 years). Mezcal can also be aged, but it is more commonly enjoyed in its unaged form.
5. How should tequila and mezcal be served?
Tequila and mezcal can be enjoyed neat, on the rocks, or in a variety of cocktails. When served neat, it's best to use a tulip-shaped glass to capture the aromas and enhance the tasting experience. For cocktails, tequila is a popular choice for classics like the Margarita and Paloma, while mezcal adds depth and complexity to innovative cocktails like the Mezcal Negroni or Smoky Margarita.
6. What are some popular brands of tequila and mezcal?
There are many reputable brands of tequila and mezcal to choose from, each offering unique flavors and styles. Some popular tequila brands include Patrón, Don Julio, and Herradura. For mezcal, brands like Del Maguey, Montelobos, and El Silencio are well-known for their quality and craftsmanship.
Conclusion: Celebrating the Spirit of Mexico
In conclusion, the assertion that "all tequila is mezcal" is technically accurate but only scratches the surface of the rich and complex world of Mexican agave spirits. Both tequila and mezcal are celebrated for their unique flavors, cultural significance, and craftsmanship, offering a sensory journey that reflects the vibrant heritage and traditions of Mexico.
By exploring the history, production methods, and tasting profiles of tequila and mezcal, we gain a deeper appreciation for these iconic spirits and the passionate producers who dedicate their lives to preserving their craft. Whether enjoyed neat, paired with food, or in a creative cocktail, tequila and mezcal offer endless possibilities for exploration and enjoyment.
As we raise a glass to celebrate the spirit of Mexico, let us do so with a sense of gratitude and respect for the rich cultural heritage and craftsmanship that define tequila and mezcal. By making informed choices and supporting sustainable practices, we can ensure that these beloved spirits continue to be enjoyed for generations to come.
For further reading on the rich history and production methods of tequila and mezcal, consider visiting the Tequila.net, a comprehensive resource for agave spirits enthusiasts.
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